Surveillance of environmental exposure and assessment of effects from pesticides to bat species in England.

Quantification of the exposure and effects of high impact pesticides in native bat species is required to allow conservation of protected species and represents essential novel national research of international standing. Presence of pesticides in bat species, including from within the UK and England have been identified. However, the impacts of their toxicity have not been assessed. These facts are compounded by the fact that native bats are K-strategist species, are relatively long lived, have a high metabolic ra...