Bird Collision Avoidance: empirical evidence and impact assessments.

Driven by ambitious renewable energy targets, the offshore wind industry has experienced a significant growth over the last 20 years, particularly in Europe, where most of installed capacity can be found. The consenting of offshore wind projects requires the identification, prediction and evaluation of environmental effects of project proposals. Seabirds are known to interact with offshore wind farms (OWF), mostly with negative consequences. Birds may collide with turbines, be displaced from their feeding grounds o...