Practical application: Counterfactuals in agri-environment monitoring/evaluation

The project aims to identify counterfactual approaches which enable observed environmental changes to be robustly attributed to the implementation of agri-environment schemes, and to consider the practical application of these approaches for future monitoring and evaluation in Environmental Land Management schemes (ELM). Specific project objectives: 1. Review approaches to counterfactuals within agri-environment monitoring & evaluation, building on the findings of existing studies. 2. Define what constitutes a 'cou...